Pemex Global gurgaon : Architect Vs. Draftsman: What's the Difference?

What Do Architects Do?

Architects design and build structures for others to live, work, eat, shop and worship in. These structures can include homes, schools, office buildings, rooms and complexes that are for indoor, outdoor, public or private use. In addition to being in charge of the overall aesthetics, architects must also make sure these structures are safe, functional and economical. Additionally, architects are often involved in every phase of construction projects, from initial planning to project completion.

Architects use computer-aided design and drafting (CADD) tools and software, as well as building information modeling (BIM), to create construction drawings. They must be sure that these drawings follow ordinances such as zoning laws, building codes and fire regulations. Architects must also make sure these structures are handicapped-accessible.

Architect Education Requirements

Architects need at least a bachelor's degree in architecture. Most earn a 5-year bachelor's degree. This degree is designed for students with no prior architectural training. Course topics in an architecture program might include CADD, architectural history, construction methods, math and technology. Architecture students are also expected to gain work experience via internships.

Additionally, all architects in the U.S. must be licensed. Eligibility for licensure includes earning a professional degree in architecture, completing an internship and passing the Architect Registration Examination. Licenses must also be periodically renewed by completing some form of continuing education, such as classes, conferences or workshops.

What Do Draftsmen Do?

Draftsmen, also called drafters, perform some of the same tasks as architects and often work with architects. Draftsmen, like architects, prepare CADD drawings. However, drafting can be applied to many other areas besides construction and architecture. Drafting can be used to create drawings of circuitry or mechanical designs. A draftsman's CADD drawings include technical details and specifications such as materials, dimensions and procedures. In addition to using CADD, draftsmen also use calculators, tables and technical handbooks.

The type of work a draftsman does depends on his or her area of expertise. For example, architectural drafters produce drawings for new construction projects. They may specialize in residential or commercial buildings or in the type of material used, such as steel, timber or reinforced concrete. Civil drafters prepare drawings for use in major civil engineering projects, such as highway and bridge construction, sewage systems and flood-control projects. Common drafting fields include aeronautics, electronics and architecture.

Draftsman Education Requirements

Employers prefer draftsmen with college training. Because training varies considerably among these schools, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) recommends that students check with employers to see which type of training they prefer prior to enrolling at any school. Certificates, diplomas or associate's degrees in drafting can be earned from technical institutes and community colleges. In some cases, drafting training can also be obtained in military service.

Salary Information

Architects tend to earn considerably more than draftsmen. In May 2014, architects, excluding landscape and naval, earned a median annual salary of $74,520, reported the BLS. Architects in the highest 10th percentile earned $121,910 or more per year.

Draftsmen salaries vary depending on specialty. According to BLS data, architectural drafters earned a median annual wage of $49,970 in May 2014. By contrast, electrical and electronics drafters earned a median income of $58,790 in the same period.

PEMEX Gurgaon : Career Info for a Degree in School Counseling

Career Info

A school counselor works with teachers, administrators and parents to help children succeed academically, as well as develop emotionally and socially. They meet with students individually, in small groups and in classroom settings to help students overcome learning and behavioral problems, cope with family difficulties, assess their personal interests and review their academic strengths.

School counselors provide teachers and parents with information on special education services and healthy parent-child communication. With high school students, they might conduct workshops on the college application process, drug and alcohol abuse prevention, resume writing and job interview techniques.

Education Requirements

A master's degree in school counseling or guidance is generally required to be certified in this profession. Students typically complete 48-60 credits in such courses as child abuse prevention, psychology and educational assessment in counseling, grief counseling, student assistance programs and counseling strategies for education.

Internships and clinical practicums with school guidance departments give students the practical experience needed for certification. Some states also mandate passing scores on the Praxis II, which measures knowledge and skills required of school counselors, or another certification exam. Prospective counselors should check with their state education department for requirements.

Advanced Education

Experienced counselors who enjoy research and teaching might want to become counselor educators at colleges and universities. This career path requires obtaining a Ph.D. in Counselor Education. A doctoral program typically includes training in recent developments in counseling theory, educational research, advanced educational psychology and qualitative methods.

A doctoral candidate commonly completes an original work of research, or dissertation, in a specialized area of study. The dissertation is written under the guidance of a faculty advisor and usually takes 1-2 years to complete.

Pemex India Gurgaon : Career Info for a Degree in General Special Education

Career Options

Special education teachers in preschools, elementary schools, middle schools and high schools work with students who have a wide range of learning, mental, emotional and physical disabilities. They adapt general education lessons and teach a wide range of subjects.

Preschool Special Education Teacher

Preschool special education teachers teach preschool subjects to students with physical and/or intellectual disabilities. They may also be tasked with identifying students with disabilities who would benefit from a special education setting.

Elementary School Special Education Teacher

Elementary school special education teachers work with students who face developmental, physical and emotional challenges. Special education teachers who work with primary school students may have the added responsibility of identifying possible special-needs students.

Middle School Special Education Teacher

Middle school special education teachers teach preschool subjects to students with physical and/or intellectual disabilities, including academic and life skills. Some teachers may specialize and work with students who have hearing and vision impairments.

High School Special Education Teacher

Special education teachers who work in secondary school environments focus less on identifying students who require individualized attention and more on preparing students for a smooth transition into the adult world. Some teachers continue working with a student until he or she turns 21.

What is a Degree in General Special Education?

While there are degree programs at undergraduate and graduate levels, general special education teachers often need to undertake additional training and educational hours than other teachers. Students in these programs take courses in subjects such as literacy, behavioral disabilities and individualized program development. Some bachelor's degree programs require an additional year of graduate-level education.

The coursework in a general special education program typically covers human development, educational assessment and behavioral issues. Students learn about various emotional, physical and behavioral disabilities and how to teach children with these special needs. Extensive time is spent practice teaching in real classrooms under the supervision of experienced teachers.

Certification Information

Every state requires general special education teachers to earn certification or licensure. Requirements typically include a bachelor's or master's degree from an approved teacher education program, completion of a particular set of education courses and participation in a certain number of hours of practice teaching time. Additionally, aspiring special education teachers must pass an examination. In some states, teachers must first receive a general teaching license and then continue training to earn licensure as a special education teacher.

Career Information

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), all special education teachers are likely to see job opportunities increase by six percent between 2012 and 2022 (www.bls.gov). This growth is not expected to be the same across age levels, however; special education student enrollment is projected to be higher in elementary and middle schools, making anticipated job growth more pronounced for teachers of these age groups. As of May 2013, elementary school special education teachers made an average annual salary of $56,690, while those teaching middle school earned a yearly average of $59,540. High school special education teachers at that time averaged $60,410 per year, reported the BLS.

Pemex gurgaon : Career Info for a Degree in Educational Administration

Career Options

Educational administration students learn how to design curriculum, meet the educational needs of various populations and evaluate staff. They also develop educational management and communication skills. Graduates of these programs might enter careers as instructional coordinators, principals or assistant principals.

Instructional Coordinator

Instructional coordinators help design curricula, train and evaluate teachers, choose educational materials and see that school programs are meeting district, state and federal standards. They often work primarily in one educational field, such as special-needs education, math, music or science. Instructional coordinators design tests and oversee teacher and curriculum evaluation processes, then research new developments or techniques in educational theory to develop solutions to problems.

The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that improvements to curricula and teacher performance could cause demand for instructional coordinators to rise in coming years. Job growth was expected to be 13% from 2012-2022. The median salary for instructional coordinators in May 2013 was $60,610 .

Principal

Principals are educational administrators for elementary or secondary schools. They make decisions, set long-term goals and create mission statements for schools. Principals also evaluate, hire and fire teachers and other employees, and they must meet school district initiatives and standards. Much of their job involves interacting with parents and students to gather input and address concerns.

According to the BLS, a 6% job growth was predicted for all education administrators in elementary and secondary schools, including principals and assistant principals, from 2012-2022 due in part to diminished state and local budgets. The median annual salary for elementary and secondary school education administrators was $88,380 in May 2013.

Assistant Principal

Assistant principals interact directly with more school staff and students than do principals. They coordinate maintenance workers, food service personnel and bus drivers to ensure smooth operations within the school. They hold students responsible for their behavior and educational efforts by administering disciplinary actions and providing counseling services. Some assistant principals are promoted quickly to positions as full principals, but others remain in their current positions throughout their careers.